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A glossary of drug jar names

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Main Ingredient	Label Name	Short Label Name	Latin Drug Name	English Drug Name	Uses	Notes
Artemisia absinthium Wormwood	C. ABSINTH	ABSINTH		Confection of Wormwood	anti spasmodic	Prepared by boiling the fresh tops of the plant with sugar and water
VINEGAR	S. ACETI SYR. ACETOS SYR. D: SUCCO ACETOSE	ACETI ACETOS		Syrup of Vinegar	soothing and antiseptic Prepares the body for purging or vomiting, aids digestion, increases appetite	A simple acid syrup prepared by dissolving sugar in vinegar by heat
VERDIGRIS Vinegar Honey	V. AEGPIPTIC U. ÆGYPT. U. ÆGYPTIAC. V. ÆGYPTIAC V. ÆGYPTIA	AEGIPTIC AEGYPTIC	Unguentum Aegyptiacum	Egyptian Ointment	detergent and escharotic cleansing ulcers (TMM11)	Had a universal reputation, from the XVIth to the XVIIIth century, as an application to wounds, and was included in the London Pharmacopeoeia until 1721. It was composed of prepared verdigris, vinegar and clarified honey. Verdigris Ointment is mentioned in the ancient Egyptian papyrus, Ebers, which dates from 2500 B.C.
Borago officinalis Borage	A. D. BORAGINE	BORAGINE	Aqua di Boragine	Water of Common Borage	exhilerates the heart, epilepsy
COLOCYNTH	T. ALHANDAL	ALHANDAL		Alhandal Lozenges	purgative and laxative	Composed of colocynth in powder mixed with gums tragacanth and arabic, and sugar. These lozenges were formerly used as a purgative and laxative, but have been superseded by the aperient (a drug used to relieve constipation.) pill of more recent date.
GARLIC	S. EX. ALLIO S. E. ALLIO	ALLIO	Syrupus ex Allio	Syrup of Garlic	used for Ascarides (a parasitic nematode worm) Diuretic (TMM p8).	Made by boiling garlic, first with vinegar and then adding sufficient sugar to make a syrup.
MARSHMALLOW	S. ALTHÆ: S. ALTH: F:	ALTHEA	Syrupus Althaea	Syrup of Marshmallow	demulcent diuretic	Prepared by boiling the root of the plant with sugar and water. Was valued for its demulcent properties and is still largly empoyed in the form of pastilles in France.
ALMONDS	O. AMIGD. AM	AMYGDALAEA AMARAE		Oil of bitter almonds		The old name for oil of bitter almonds
Various	T. ANDR. THER. AND THER: ANDR. THER: ANDRO. THER: ANDROM	THERIACA OF ANDROMACHUS	Theriaca Andromachi	Theriaca of Andromachus	Used to cure everything from plague, distempers of the heart, cancer to madness.	Theriaca (from the Greek for wild beasts) of Andromachus was an ancient polypharmic preparation which was originated by Andromachus, physician to the emporor Nero, A.D. 37. Much has been written concerning this extrordinary preparation which was declared to be an antidote to all poisons. it was used in the seventeenth centuary as a preservative against plague. It originally contained 73 ingredients, the chief of which was flesh of vipers. In a modified form it found a place in the London Pharmacopoeia until the eighteenth centuary, and is still sold in the pharmacies of Italy. Constantinople and other cities in the Near East.
various	U. APOSTOL V. APOSTOL.	APOSTOL		Ointment of the Twelve Apostles		Dating from the fifteenth centuary, it is so called from the number of ingredients employed in making it.
ORANGE Citrus sinensis	S. AURANT S. AURANT: S. AURANTIORV.	AURANT AURANTIORUM	Syrupus Aurantii	Syrup of Orange	Calm stomach, promotes expecoration.	Prepared from fresh orange peel, sugar and water; has been used in medicine for centuries and is still empoyed as a flavouring agent in pharmacy, and is included in the British Pharmacopoeia.
COUCH GRASS	A. D. GRAM	GRAM	Aqua di gramen	Water of Couch Grass	mild diuretic
MALLOW	A. D. MALVA	MALVA	Aqua di malva	Water of Common Mallow	helps ulcers in the bladder and bowel
Arsenic Trisulfide	V. AUREL	AUREL		Golden Ointment	Had formerly a great reputation as an application for the eyes.	Composed of arsenic sulphuret (arsenic trisulfide As₂S₃also know as orpiment) and lard.
Myroxylon balsamum	S. BALSAMI S. BALSAM S. BALSAMICUS S.BALSAM:	BALSAMI	Syrupus Balsamicus	Syrup of Tolu Balsamic Syrup	expectorant and demulcant	Prepared from tolu balsam boiled with sugar and water and has had a reputation as an expectorant and demulcant for centuries. Its properties are still highly valued and it is frequently empoyed in medical treatment today.Tolu balsam is a sap-like substance that comes from the Myroxylon balsamum tree.
Viper's Bugloss (Echium vulgare)	AG. D. BUGLOSSA	BUGLOSSA			Employed as an astringent.	A water distilled from the fresh flowering tops of Viper's Bugloss.
Calendula Pot Marigold Calendula officinalis	C. CALENDUL	CALENDUL		Confection of Marigold	Employed as s demulcent.	Prepared by boiling the petals and leaves of the plant with sugar and water.
Adiantum capillus-veneris	S. CAPILL. VENER S. CAPIL: VEN.	CAPILLUS VENERIS	Syrupus capilli Veneris	Syrup of Maidenhair Fern	Much used in France and remained an official preparation in the French Codex until 1839. (Opens obstructions of the lungs TMM.)	It was composed of chopped Maidenhair Fern, boiled with water, the whites of two eggs and sugar. Orange Flower water was added to flavour. The Southern Maidenhair Fern is native to the southern half of the United States and other temperate climates from warm-temperate to tropical.
Geum urbanum	C. CARIOPH.	CARIOPH.			Used as an astringent and formerly valued for its properties as a nervine tonic.	Prepared from Wood Avens (the Herb Bennet).
Dianthus caryophyllus	S. CARYOPH. S. CARYOPHI S. CARYOPHIL S. CARYOPH S. FL. CARYOPH	CARYOPH CARYOPHILLUS	Syrupus Caryophyllae	Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers	Pectoral and cordial.
Citrus x sinensis	C. CORT. AUR.	AUR.		Confection of Orange	Prescribed for its mild tonic properties.	Made from orange peel, sugar and water. The 'main ingredient' column indicates a number of Sweet Orange species, hence the 'x' symbol. However, in earlier times the Bitter Orange may have been used. This is designated Citrus aurantium.
Crocus sativus Saffron	S. CROCI. S. CROCI	CROCI	Syrupus Croci	Syrup of Saffron	Believed to act as an expectorant. (Cordial, used in fevers, measles and small pox and disorders of the lungs TMM.)	Made by boiling saffron with sugar. This would be the saffron or autumn crocus.
Cydonia oblonga Quince	S. CYDONIOR. S. CYDON S. CYDONIOR S. CIDONIORV.	CYDONIOR. CYDONIA CYDONIORUM	Syrupus Cydoniorum	Syrup of Quinces	Was used for its astringent properties. (Comforts and strengthens the stomach, stops vomiting TMM.)	Prepared from the fresh juice of the fruit boiled with sugar and water. The quince is the sole member of the genus Cydonia in the family Rosaceae.
Daphne mezereum Spurge Laurel	U. DESICCAT. RUB.			The Ointment of Mezereon	It was employed as an application to sores and wounds.	Prepared by boiling the coursely powdered mezereon bark with lard. The mediaeval name Mezereum is derived from the Persian Mazariyun, a name given to a species of Daphne. The barks of Daphne laureola, or Spurge Laurel, and D. Gnidium are also official in the British Pharmacopceia and United States.
Cinnamomum verum Cinnamomum zeylanicum	P. DIAMBR. PULV. CINNAMON CO.	DIAROMATON CINNAMON		Powder of Diaromaton Powder of Cinnamon		It was composed of cinnamon, cardamom seeds, ginger and long pepper (a type of wild pepper). Without the latter ingredient, the formula is still included in the British Pharmacopoeia as PULV. CINNAMON CO. Cinnamomum zeylanicum is the old botancal name. Cinnamomum cassia is a more 'earthy' tasting cinnamon used in curries.
Papaver somniferum	S. DIAMOR. S. D. MECON S. D. PAPAVERO:	DIAMORPHINE DIACODIUM MECON PAPAVERO	Syrupus de Meconio Syrupus de papavero	Syrup of Poppies	It was used in the treatment of chest diseases and for persistant cough. Opiate, pain reliever (TMM).	It was prepared from poppy heads freed from seeds, sugar and water. Its properties were due to the small amount of opium contained in the capsules. "The Syrupus Meconio or Diacodium is made of the poppy heads dryed, infused & boiled in water." The word 'meconium' is derived from the Greek for 'opium-like'.
Various	B. LOCATEL BALS. LOCATELL BALS. LUCAT BALS. LVCAT B. LUCATEIL LUCATELLUS. BALSAM	LUCATELLUS'S BALSAM	Balsamum Lucatelli	Lucatellus's Balsam	Used to treat intermal bleeding, ulcerations in the lungs, external wounds and ulcers	Ingredients: Olive Oil Turpentine Yellow Wax Melt them together, and add Dragons-blood Mix into a red Balsam. Dragon's blood is a bright red resin which is obtained from different species of a number of distinct plant genera: Croton, Dracaena, Daemonorops, Calamus rotang and Pterocarpus. The red resin has been in continuous use since ancient times as varnish, medicine, incense, and dye.
Orchis sp. Various	E. DIASAT.	DIASATYRION		Electuary Diasatyrion	Had a great reputation in the XVIIth (seventeenth) century as an aphrodisiac.	It was composed of orchis root (orchid root, from the ancient Greek meaning testicle), cinnamon, vanilla, horehound, eryngo root and elecampane. The ingredients were reduced to a powder and mixed with sugar and water to form an electuary. According to Greek mythology, the Orchis root was the favourite food of the Satyrs. It owes its origin to the son of the Satyr Patellanus and the nymph Acolasia. Apparently, the young man raped one of the god Bacchus’ priestesses, which so incensed the Bacchanals against him, that they tore him in pieces. His father asked that his mangled corpse should be transformed into a flower, which should retain his name of Orchis.
Teucrium scordium Water Germander Various	E. DIASCORD DIASCORD: DIASCORDIV DIASCORDI E. DIASCOR: E. DIASCORDIUM ELECT: e: SCORD	DIASCORDIUM	Diascordium Electuarium e scordio	Electuary Diascordium Electuary of water germander (TMM)	Used for the plague and later as an opiate and astrigent.	Diascordium comes from the Greek 'dia' (prepartion of) 'Teucrium scordium' (Water Germander). The formula for which was orginated by Frascatorius (Fracastorius) in the XVIth (sixteenth) century, was formerly regarded as a remedy of great importance, and was chiefly used for plague. The original formula, which was included in the London Pharmacopoeia of 1618, contained seventeen ingredients, the chief being cinnamon, cassia, galbanum and Lemnian earth, which were made into an elecutary with Canary wine (a sweet white wine called Malmsey, mentioned in Twelth Night). In the XVIIIth century it became largely used as a popular opiate and astringent. In modern medicine it has been superseded by the compound of catechu. Girolamo Fracastoro was an Italian physician, poet, and scholar in mathematics, geography and astronomy. Fracastoro subscribed to the philosophy of atomism, and rejected appeals to hidden causes in scientific investigation. He's the founder of epidemiology and studied the mode of transmission in syphilis. Lemnian earth was a clay used in Classical Antiquity. It was mined on the island of Lemnos (Limnos, Greece). Its use continued until the 19th century, as it was still listed in an important pharmacopoeia in 1848. Catechu is an extract of acacia trees used variously as a food additive, astringent, tannin, and dye. It is extracted from several species of Acacia, but especially Senegalia catechu (Acacia catechu), by boiling the wood in water and evaporating the resulting brew.
Myrica sp. Bay Berry	E. E. EBACC. LAVR.	EBACC BACA		Electuary of Bay-berries	Used as an astringant and carminative.	Made by boiling the juice of the berries with sugar and water and used as an astringent and carminative. Baca (BACC) is berry in Latin. Lava (LAVR) is wash in Latin.
Tussilago farfara	S. FARFARE.	FARFARE FARFARA		Syrup of Coltsfoot	Used as a demulcent.	Made by boiling the fresh tops of the herb with sugar and water. The name "tussilago" is derived from the Latin tussis, meaning cough, and ago, meaning to cast or to act on.
Inula helenium Wild sunflower	E. HELENII.	HELENII HELENIUM	Electuarium helenii	Extract of Elecampane Electuary of Elacampane	According to Nicholas Culpeper, Elecampane was used it to warm a cold and windy stomach, to resist poison, to strengthen sight, and to clear internal blockages	Made by macerating the root in rectified spirit and water for a week, then evaporating it to the consistance of an extract. The herb is named for Helen of Troy.
Ajuga chamaepitys Ground pine Gout ivy	S. IVIVBIN. S. IVIVBINUS	IVIVBIN IUIUBIN IVIVBINUS	Syrupus Ivivbinus	Syrup of Ground Pine	Used as a stimulant and stomachic. It formed an ingredient of the once famous gout remedy, Portland Powder.	Prepared from the tops of the herb boiled with sugar and water. Here we are assuming Ajuga, but in this case the drug referred to is not clear, a citation may be needed. "The seventeenth century practice of using the letter 'V' for 'U' is rarely seen on eighteenth century specimens, although one sometimes comes across the letter 'I' for 'J' as in S. LVITVLAE (S. LUJULAE syrup of wood sorrel). A trap for the unwary is S. IVIVBIN which transliterated becomes S. JUJUBIN or syrup of jubes (berries)!" (From Apothecary Jar Inscriptions - Their Interpretation by Agnes Lothian Short FPS ALA.)
White Dead Nettle Lamium album	C. FL. LAMII.	LAMI LAMIUM		Confection of Nettle-flowers.	Used as an anti-scorbutic.	Was prepared by boiling the fresh flowers with sugar and water and evaporating the liquid to the consistance of a conserve.
various	LOH. SANV. & EX. LOH: SANUM LOHOCH. SANVM	LOHOCH SANUM EXPERTUM	Lohoch Sanum et Expertum	Safe and Sound' medicine	Used as a demulcent and given to relieve cough. According to Culpeper: It "succors the breast, lungs, throat, oppressed by cold, it restores the voice lost by reason of cold, and attenuates thick and gross humours in the breast and lungs"	(CJST) A thick syrupy preparation prepared from pine-apple kernals (perhaps pine nuts), almonds, poppy heads, liquorice and orris root, together with starch, gum arabic and sugar. (TMM) The word 'Lohoch' comes from the Arabic word 'to lick', and refers to a medicine that must not be eaten or chewed, but it must 'melte in the mouth'. 'Sanum and expertum' loosely translates as 'healthy and tested' or 'safe and sound'. According to Culpeper, the preperation contains the following ingredients: Hyssop, Calaminth, Jujubes, Sebestens, Raisins, Figs, Dates, Linseed, Fenugreek seed, Maiden-hair, Annis-seeds, sweet Fennel seeds, Orris Roots, Liquorice, Cinnamon, Pine-nuts, sweet Almonds, Liquorice, Gum Tragacanth, Gum Arabick and some white Starch.
Macrocnemum cinchonoides	P. MACRI.	MACROCNEMUM		Powder of Macrocnemum	Used to reduce fever.	Probably powder of Macrocnemum, a bark introduced into this country from Peru about the same time as cinchona. It is a febrifuge with similar bitter properties and so closely resembles cinchona that it was doubtless supposed to be practically identical with it, though, in face, its alkaloid content is negligible. Nevertheless, it can fairly be claimed as the earliest known example of Peruvian Febrifugal Bark being inscribed on an English Drug Jar.
Various	U. MARTIAT.	MARTIATUM		Unguentum Martiatum	When applied to wounds, the ointment was believed to have antiseptic and healing properties.	Largely uses as an application for wounds in the XVIIth and XVIIIth (seventeenth to eighteenth) centuries. It was composed of the leaves of bay, rue, marjoram, rosemary, myrtle, elder, mint, and sweet basil. The leaves of these plants were heated in olive oil, together with butter, bear's grease, chicken fat and stag's marrow, to which wax, storax and gum olibanum were added.
Papaver somniferum	S. DE. MECON.	DEMETER MECON	Demeter Mecon	Syrup of Poppies		An old name for the syrup. From Demeter, a Greek godess, and Mecon, the Greek for poppy.
Honey	MEL. ALB. MEL. ALBUM:	MEL ALBUM		White honey.
Melissa officinalis Lemon Balm	C. MELISSAE.	MELISSAE MELISSA		Confection of Balm.	Used for its stimulating and anti-spasmodic properties.	Prepared by boiling the leaves of the herb, gathered fresh, with sugar and water.
Honey Rose Rosa damascena	MEL ROSA. MEL. ROS. S MEL ROSAC. MEL. ROSAR:	MEL ROSA	Mel Rosarum Mel Rosaceum	Honey of Roses.	It was esteemed for its demulcent properties. Also used to cleanse wounds, and to heal ulcers of the mouth and throat.	Has been a popular remedy from the time of the ancient Greeks. It was prepared by gently heating rose petals in honey.
various	E. MITHRIDAT.	MITHRIDAT. MITHRIDATES MITHRIDATIUM		Electuary of Mithridates	In early times was regarded as a universal antidote to poisons.	The electuary takes it's name from Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, who is said to have originated the formula between the years 120 and 63 BCE. It originally contained 54 ingredients, but later the formula went through many modifications. It was included in the London Pharmacopoeia until 1746. The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic-era kingdom, centered in the historical region of Pontus and ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin. The kingdom was proclaimed by Mithridates I in approximately 281 BCE and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BCE. Situated in modern day Turkey, it's northern border was the southern coast of the Black Sea, and it extended southwards into the region of Cappadocia.
Myrtle Myrtus communis	S. MYRTINUS.	MYRTINUS. MYRTUS		Syrup of Myrtle	Given in cases of an inflamed throat.	Made by boiling myrtle flowers with cane sugare and distilled water.
Honey Drimia maritima Scilla maritima	S. OXIMEL SCILLI. OX. SCILL. OX. SCILLIT: OXYM: SCILL OXIMEL. SQL. S. M.	OXIMEL OXYMELLUS OXYMELLIS OXYMEL SCILLI. SCILLA	Oxymel Scilliticum Oxymel Scillae	Oxymel of Squills.	Used by Roman physicians in treating chest diseases. Also used as an emetic, and for asthma and lung infections.	Prepared from vinegar of squills and honey is an ancient remedy which has survived for centuries. A simple oxymel was known in the Greek period. Oxymel from the Latin 'acid and honey', a mixture of honey and vinegar. Squill is a common name for Drimia maritima, a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean, formerly classified as Scilla maritima.
Papaver somniferum	S. PAPAVER. R. S. PAPAVER. ALB.	PAPAVER PAPAUER.		Syrup of Poppies Syrup of Red Poppies Syrup of White Poppies	Used as a remedy for coughs and colds.	Prepared from the crushed seeds boiled with sugar and water.
Various	U. PECTORALE.	PECTORALE		Pectoral Ointment	Formerly used as a popular remedy for children's coughs and difficult respiration. It was employed as an embrocation.	It was composed of oil of sweet almonds, chamomile and violet flowers, chicken's and duck's fats, orris root, saffron and white wax.
Various	PHYL. PERSICOR. PHILON: PERSICUM: ELET: FILON: PERSICO PHIL: ROMAN PHILON. ROM	PERSICOR PHILONIUM PERSICUM PHILONIUM ROMANUM	Philonium Persicum Elettuario filonio persico Philonium Romanum	Persian Electuary	Used to stop menses (menstruation - possibly excessive bleeding) or prevent miscarriages. Used to relieve pain and induce sleep (TMM).	According to the book 'English Delftware Drug Jars: The Collection of the Museum of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain', the name Philonium Persicum refers to the Persian medicine of Philon of Tarsus. Alleged to have contained opium, white pepper, saffron, rosewater, and a variety of aromatics. Filonio is Spanish for electuary.
Paeonia sp Peony	S. POENIAE.	POENIAE		Syrup of Peony	Used as an anti-spasmodic.	Prepared from the root of the plant boiled with sugar and water.
Apple Malus domestica	S. DE POMIS. S. DE POM: IS. P. 1665	POMIS	Syrupus de Pomis magistralis Syrupus de Pomis Purgans	Syrup of Apples Purging Syrup of Apples	"Out of doubt this is a gallant Syrup to purge choler and melancholy, and to resist madness" Culpeper. Purge for children.	Prepared by dissolving sugar in apple juice and adding sufficient water to from a syrup.
Marrubium vulgare White Horehound	S. DE PRASSIO. S. PRASIO.	PRASSIO PRASIO	Syrupus prasiorum	Syrup of White Horehound	Still employed in country places as a domestic remedy for coughs and colds. (For asthma, coughs, wheezing and tuberculosis. TMM9)	Made by boiling the flowering tops of the herb with sugar and water.
Prunus domestica Plum	C. PRUNELLO.	PRUNELLO.		Confection of Plum Bark	Used for its astringent properties.	Prepared by boiling the coursely powdered bark of the tree with sugar and water.
Various	S.DE QUIN. RAD. SYR. QUInq: RAD: A: (TMM10)	QUIN. RAD. QUINQ. RAD. (TMM10)	Syrupus de Quinque Radicibu (TMM10)	Syrup of Five Roots	"frequently prescribed amongst aperient pectorals" John Quincy Removes obstructions of the urine (TMM10)	Take roots of smallage, asparagus, parsley, fennell and Dyer's Broom; of each 2 ounces; macerate in vinegar; add sugar and water and boil together.
Rhubarb Rheum rhabarbarum	S. DE RHABAR. S. DE. RHABARBAR: S. RHABARB S. RHEADOSReputed to clear the bile.	RHABAR. RHABARBAR	Syrupus de Rhabarbaro	Syrup of Rhubarb	Extensively used as an aperient for children. Gently cleanses the stomach.	Which was used in the XVIIth century, still remains a popular preparation. It was formerly made by simply dissolving sugar in an infusion of rhubarb root, but oil of coriander and spirit of cinnamon have been included in modern formulae.
Rose Rosa sp.	SYR. ROSAE.	ROSAE.		Syrup of Red Roses	It has long been a popular domestic remedy for coughs and infantile chest troubles.	Made by boiling the petals of the Red Rose with sugar and water.
Rose Rosa sp. Liver-wort Liverwort Marchantiophyta	S.ROSAR. CU.	ROSAR. CU.		Syrup of Red Roses with Liver-wort	Used as an astringent and tonic.	The syrup was prepared by boiling red rose leaves with liver-wort, sugar and water.
Rose Rosa sp.	C. ROSAR.R. CONF. ROSAE	ROSAR. R.	Confectio rosae	Confection of Red Roses	Used as a mild demulcant and continues in use, but chiefly as an excipient in making pills.	Prepared by beating together eight parts of red rose petals to three parts of refined sugar until they are thoroughle incorporated.
Rose Rosa sp.	V. ROSATU	ROSATU		Ointment of Roses	Used like cold cream for excoriated skin.	Prepared by triturating lard and rose water.
Sage Salvia officinalis	C. SALVIAE	SALVIAE		Confection of Sage	Used as a cordial and stomachic.	Prepared by boiling fresh sage leaves with sugar and water.
Elderflower Sambucus nigra	V. SAMBUCI	SAMBUCI		Elder-flower Ointment	Still in use today as an astringent application.	Prepared by heating the fresh flowering tops of the shrub with lard.
Lead	U. SATURN	SATURN		Ointment of Lead	Employed as a sedative and soothing dressing.	Prepared by mixing a solution of the Subacetate with olive oil and lard.
Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara	E. SUCCO TUSSILAG. ELECT. FARFARE	TUSSILAG FARFARE		Electuary of Coltsfoot Juice	Given for catarrhal cough.	Prepared by boiling the juice of coltsfoot with sugar and water.
Comfrey Symphytum officinale	S. SYMPHITI. S. DE SYMPHITO	SYMPHITI SYMPHITO	Syrupus de Syphyto	Syrup of Comfrey	Used as an astringent. For wound and bruises of the chest, spitting of blood (TMM).	Prepared by boiling the fresh leaves and tops of the herb in water and adding sugar.
Potassium sulfate	P. TARTAR. V. TARTAR VITRIOL	TARTAR		Sulfate of Potash Vitriolic Tartar Glaser's Salt	Used as a laxative.
Lime Flowers Tilia sp.	C. FL. TILAE.	TILAE		Confection of Lime Flowers	Still frequently used in France as a tisane for their antipyretic properties.	Prepared by boiling fresh lime flowers with sugar and water.
Zinc Oxide	V. TUTIAE U. TUTI	TUTIAE	Unguentum Tutiae	Tutty Ointment	"Much employed against affections of the eyes"	Prepared by mixing Tutty powder (impure zinc oxide) with lard.
Viper	T. DE VIPER	VIPER		Viper Lozenges	The Viper Lozenges of Venice were also renowned throughout Europe in the XVIIth century as a preventative of plague and as an antidote to poisons.	Prepared from dried viper flesh in powder, made into a mass with mucilage of tragacanth and white wine.
Fox Vulpes vulpes	O. VULPIN. O. VVLPIN;	VULPIN	Oleum Vulpinum	Oil of Fox	Chiefly employed as an embrocation in chest diseases.	Prepared by boiling fox flesh, freed from bones, in olive oil and flavouring the product with dill seeds and thyme.
Ruta graveolens Rue	A. D. RVTA	RVTA RUTA	Aqua di Rutae	Water of Rue	Expels poisons, not to be taken by pregnant women.
Peony Paeonia sp.	A. DE PEONIA	PEONIA	Aqua di Peonia	Peony Water	Aids poor memory and is used against convulsions.
Sage Salvia officinalis	A. SALVIE	SALVIE	Aqua Salviae	Sage Water	Detergent absorbent, cephalic.
Squill Drimia maritima Drimia indica	ACET. SCILL	SCILL SCILLAE	Acetum Scillae	Vinegar of Squills	Aids digestion, obstructions of the liver and spleen, diseaase and tumours of the joints.
Goat's Rue Galega officinalis	AD. RVTACAP.A	RVTA CAPRARIA RUTA CAPRARIA	Aqua di Ruta Capraria	Water of Goat's Rue	Used for measles and smallpox.	Ruta capraria is an old botanical name for Goat's Rue. G. officinalis is rich in galegine, a substance with blood glucose-lowering activity and the foundation for the discovery of metformin, a treatment for managing symptoms of diabetes mellitus.
Bear's Grease	ADIPIS URSI	ADIPIS URSI	Adipis Ursi	Bear's Grease	Hair pomade, no special medicinal value	Adipis Ursi, literally bear's grease in Latin.
Mercury Sulfur	AETHIOP. MIN	AETHIOPS MINERALIS	Aethiops Mineralis		Given to young children for worms and used externally for scurvy and other skin diseases.	Mercury and sulfer amalgum, bisulphide of mercury. See also P. AETHIOP. (Ethiopic Pills)
Salvia rosmarinus	ANTHOS.	ANTHOS	Conserva Anthos	Conserve of Rosemary Flowers	A help for most diseases of the head, headache, convulsion, epilepsy, cures stinking breath.
Southernwood Artemisia abrotanum	AQ. D. ABROTAVO	ABROTAVO	Aqua di Abrotavo	Water of Southernwood	Kills worms, cures jaundice.
Greater Celendine Chelidonium majus	AQ. D. CELIDONIA	CELIDONIA	Aqua di Celidnia	Water of Greater Celendine	Jaundice and eye diseases.
Chicory Cichorium intybus	AQ. D. CICORIA	CICORIA	Aqua di Cicoria	Water of Chicory	Liver and bowel complaints.
Common Bugloss Alkanet Anchusa officinalis	AQ. DI. BVGLOSSA	BVGLOSSA BUGLOSSA	Aqua do Buglossa	Water of Bugloss	Used against yellow jaundice.
Canarium luzonicum Various	BAUME D'ARC	BAUME D'ARCAEUS	Unguentum Elemi	Balsam of Arcaeus	A digestive ointment formerly of great repute, and still much empoyed on the continent.	Composed of mutton suet (4 parts), turpentine (3 parts), Elemi resin (3 parts), axunge (2 parts). Melt with a gentle heat, strain through cloth, and stir together until cold. Canarium luzonicum, commonly known as elemi, is a tree native to the Philippines. Axunge is pig or goose fat (literally axle grease).
Various	BAUME NERVAL	BAUME NERVAL	Balsamum Nervinum	Nerve Balsam Nervine Ointment	Comforts the nerves, cures palsies and convulsions.	ingredients: Expressed oil of mace, Beef marrow (Melt and add) Oil of rosemary, oil of cloves, Camphor, Balsam of Tolu, Recified Spirit (Mix). Applied as a liniment in rheumatism.
Geum urbanum Common Avens	BENEDETTA NA	BENEDETA		Common Avens	Internal wounds and ruptures, preservative against plague.	Called Erba Bendetta in Italian. Also known as Herb Bennet.
Cnicus benedictus Blessed thistle	BENEDICTA S. CARD: BEN: S. E. SVC.CARD: B	BENEDICTUS	Carbenia benedicta Syrupus cardui benedicti Syrupus e Succo Carduo Benedicti	Blessed laxative Blessed thistle Syrup of the blessed thistle St. Benedict's thistle Syrup of the juice of Blessed Thistle	A good thing against the gout, sciatica, dropsy and other chronic diseases.	A thistle-like plant, native to the Mediterranean. Used to treat the Black Death during the Middle Ages.
Borax Sodium tetraborate	BIBOR: NATRIC. PULV	BIBORATE NATRICO	Natrium biboracicum	Borax	Its main use is as a cleaning agent.	Powdered unrefined (native) borax. A salt of boric acid.
Boletus sp. Hartshorn	BOLET. CERVIN	BOLETUS CERVINI			Used as a styptic to stop bleeding.	There appears to be two drugs here: Boletus sp. a fungus used as a styptic, and Cervini, which is hartshorn burnt to a white powder.
Sea Wormwood Old Woman	C. ABSIN: MAR:	ABSINTH	Artemisia maritima	Confection of Sea Wormwood	Known for its anthelmintic properties.	The plant is a source of the sesquiterpenoid santonin. "Boiling water poured upon it produces an excellent stomachic infusion, but the best way is taking it in a tincture made with brandy" Culpeper
Artemisia absinthium Wormwood	C. ABSINTH:	ABSINTH		Conserve of Wormwood	Kills worms, reduces the inflamation of the stomach and the liver	Absinth is is an anise flavoured spirit derived from the flowers and leaves of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood). It can be a highly alcoholic, it is 45–74% ABV, but is normally diluted with water before being consumed. Absinthe was created in Switzerland in the late 18th century by the French physician Pierre Ordinaire. It became popular in the late 19th and early 20th century France. In the early twentieth century, consumption of absinthe was temporarily banned, because of its supposed role as an addictive psychoactive drug.
Rosemary Salvia rosmarinus	C. ANTHOS.	ANTHOS	Conserva Anthos	Conserve of Rosemary Flowers	Strenghens nerves, preservative against the plague	Sometimes called anthos, from the ancient Greek word ἄνθος, meaning "flower"
Seville Orange	C. AURANT. FL	AURANTIUM	Citrus aurantium	Conserve of the rind of Seville orange peel	Kills worms, resists poison, helps the stinging of scorpions
Berberis	C. BERBERO.	BERBERIS BORAGO	Conserva Berberorum	Conserve of Barberries	Quench thirst and fortify the stomach
Borago officinalis Borage	C. BORAGINIS.	BORAGINE	Conserva Boraginis	Conserve of Borage	Comforts and revives the spirity, help epilepsy
Anchusa officinalis Alkanet Common Bugloss	C. BVGLOSSI	BUGLOSSA BUGLOSS	Conserva Buglossae	Conserve of Bugloss	Used against yellow jaundice.
Cochlearis sp.	C. COCH: HOR C. COCHLE: C.COCHLEAR H C. COCHLEAR:	COCHLEARIA	Conserva (folium) cochleariae hortensis	Conserve (of the leaves) of Scurvygrass	Cures scurvy, dropsy, jaundice, opens obstructions of the liver
Citrus aurantium Bitter Orange	C. CORT: AUR. C. CORT: AURAN C. CORT: AURANT:	AURANTIORUM	Confectio Cortex Aurantium	Convection of orange peel	Strengthens the stomach, expels wind and protects the heart from poison and disease.
Cynosbati fructus Rosa canina L	C. CYNOSB. C. CYNOSBA: C. CYNOSBAT. C. CYNOSBATI	CYNOSBATI	Conserva (Fructus) Cynosbati	Conserve of (Rose) Hips	Kills worms, breaks 'the stone'.
damson plum Prunus domestica Damask Prune	C. DIAPRVNV. LENITIV	DIAPRUNUM LENITIVUM	Conserva Diaprunum Lenitivum	Laxative conserve of (Damask) prunes.	Gentle purge.
Citrus aurantium Bitter Orange	C. FL. AUR C. FL. AURANT C. FLAV. AVR. ANT	AURANTIUM AURANTIORUM	Conserva flavendis (Corticum) Aurantiorum (Hispaniensis)	Conserve of the yellow rind of (Seville) Orange Peel	Expels wind, defends the heart from all poison and disease.
Tamarind Tamarindus indica	C. FR: TAMARIN: F: TAMARIND	TAMARINDUS TAMARIND		Conserve of (fruit) Tamarind	Quench thirst, good against all buring and putrid fevers.
Fumitory Fumaris officinalis	C. FVMARIAE	FUMARIAE	Conserva Fumariae	Conserve of Fumitory	Recommended for jaundice and hypochondriac cases.
Wood Sorrel folia lujulae Oxalis sp.	C. LUJULE C. LVIVLAE C. LVJVLAE	LUJULAE	Conserva (foliorum) Lujulae	Conserve of (the leaves of) Wood Sorrel	Cools fever, quenches thirst, stops vomiting.
Mallow Malva sylvestris	C. MALVAE	MALVAE	Conserva Malvae	Conserve of Mallows	Used in most disease of the lung, helps coughs and asthma.
Mint Mentha sp.	C. MENTHEE	MENTHEE MENTHAE	Conserva Menthae	Conserve of Mint	Good against vomiting, wind, hiccup, griping of the guts.
Various	C. MITHRIDAT MITRIDAT. DEMOCR	MITHRIDAT. MITHRIDATIUM MITHRIDATES DAMOCRATIS	Confectio Damocratis	Damocrates' Confection	Cure and preservative of the plague and all infections. Universal cure.	Servilius Damocrates (or Democrates) was a Greek physician working in Rome in the middle to late 1st century AD. His Confectio Damocratis is another version of Theriac (Treakel). John Woodall has this to say: "MIthridate of Damocratis is in quality and vertue like to Treakel, but more hot and forcible against the poyson of Serpents, mad Dogs, wilde Beasts, creeping things, being used as a plaster or drunk; it cureth all the cold affections of the head, helpeth the melancholick, or those that are fearful of waters, them also that have the falling sicknesse".
Nymphaea alba White water-lily	C. NYMPHEAE:	NYMPHAEAE NYMPHEAE	Conserva Nymphae	Conserve of white water-lily	It contains the active alkaloids nupharine and nymphaeine, and is a sedative and an aphrodisiac/anaphrodisiac depending on sources.
Paeonia officinalis Peony	C. PAEONIAE:	PAEONIAE	Conserve paeoniae	Conserve of Paeony
unknown	C. PARALYSAE	PARALYTICUM	Cataplasma Paralyticum	Poultice against the Palsy	Cures or eases the palsy	Cataplasma means 'poultice'. Palsy is a medical term which refers to various types of paralysis, often accompanied by weakness and the loss of feeling and uncontrolled body movements such as shaking.
Prunus spinosa Sloe Blackthorn	C. PRUN: SIL. CONSER. PRUN.	PRUNORUM	Conserva Prunorum silvetrium	Conserve of Sloes Conserve of Prunes Conserve of Plums	Helps cholic and irritated bowels. Also, quench thirst, used for fevers.
Prunus spinosa Sloe Blackthorn	C. PRUNEL C. PRVNELL C. PRVNEILORV:	PRUNELLORUM	Conserva Prunellorum	Conserve of Sloes Conserve of Prunes Conserve of Plums	Stops vomiting, strengthens the stomach and liver.
Rosemary Salvia rosmarinus	RORISMA: C. RORISMARIN	RORISMA RORISMARIN	Conserva (florum) Rorismarini	Conserve of Rosemary Flowers	A help for most diseases of the head, headache, convulsion, epilepsy, cures stinking breath.
Rosa damascena	C. ROS.DAM: C. ROSAR. DAM.	ROSARUM DAMASCENUM	Conserva Rosarum Damascenum	Conserve of Damask Rose	Gentle purge.
Rosa	C. ROS. RUB: C. ROSAR: RU C. ROSAR: RUB C. ROSAR: R	ROSARUM RUBRUM	Conserva Rosarum Rubrum	Conserve of Red Roses	Gentle purge.
Elder Sambucus nigra	C. SAMBUC	SAMBUCI SAMBUCUS	Conserva Sambuci	Conserve of Elder	Used for burns, scalds, stitches and pains in the side.
Violet Viola sp.	C. VIOLARV	VIOLARUM	Conserva Violarum	Conserve of violet (flowers)	Reduces the heat of fevers, cures headaches, coughs, pains in the side.
Acorus calamus Sweet flag	CALAM. AROM	CALAMUS	Calamus aromaticus	Calamus, an aromatic plant from the east.	Used to treat digestive disorders. May be toxic.
Charcoal	CARBO LIGNI PRAEP	CARBO		Prepared charcoal	Used as an anti acid.
Cassia Officinalis Senna alexandrina	CASSIA TRATTA CASSIA. T.	CASSIA SENNA	Cassia trattamento	Cassia treatment	Senna alexandrina was used in the form of senna pods, or as herbal tea made from the leaves, as a laxative.	A native plant in Egypt and the Sudan. Not to be confused with the spice Cinnamomum cassia.
Cumin Cuminum cyminum	CAT: e: CYMIN.	CYMINO	Cataplasma e Cymino	Cumin poultice (plaster)	Very hot, helps coughs, asthma, shortness of breath when applied on the chest.	When used topically, cumin poultices can treat skin troubles, giving relief to bothersome insect bites and painful stings.
Mercury	CER: MERCUR.	MERCURY	Cerat de Mercury	Mercury Ointment	Used for skin problems	Ceratum is an ointment based on wax and lard.
Lead	CER: PLUMB:f	PLUMBUM LEAD	Cerat de Plumbum	Lead Ointment	For inflammations, burns and scalds, deformaties and discolouring of the skin
Lead	CERAT DE SATUR:F	LEAD	Cerat de Saturni	Lead acetate ointment
Wax Almond oil	CERAT: FLAV.	FLAVUM	Ceratum flavum	Yellow ointment	Used as a base for other remedies	Yellow cerate, a mixture of yellow wax 10, oil of sweet almond 35, water 25.
Zinc carbonate	CERAT: LAP. CAL:	CALAMINARIS CALAMINE	Ceratum Lapis calaminaris	Zinc carbonate ointment	Zinc carbonate can be applied to inflamed skin in the form of a powder or as calamine lotion	Calamine is a historic name for an ore of zinc. The name calamine was derived from lapis calaminaris, a Latin corruption of Greek cadmia (καδμία), the old name for zinc ores in general.
Various	CEROTO STOMAT CIT. STOMATICO GANo	STOMATO STOMATICO	Ceroto Stomato Cerato Stomatico Galeno		Used to treat diseases of the mouth	Stomatic, a medicine for diseases of the mouth.
Cetyl palmitate	CETACEUM	CETACEUM SPERMACETI	Cetaceum Spermaceti	Cetin	Used to impart firmness to ointment bases.	A fatty, waxy substance, chiefly cetin (cetyl palmitate), obtained from the head of the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus;
Various	CF :RALEIGH: S. OD: CONF. RALCIGH;	RALEIGH RALCIGH	Confectio Raleighiana	Sir Walter Raleigh's Confection	Various, including a cordial that was 'good for women who had recently given birth'.	Having successfully annoyed both Queen Elizabeth I and King James I, Walter Raleigh found himself spending plenty of time locked up in the Tower of London. Here he created a range of cordials and herbal remedies, including Balsam of Guiana.
Various	CONF. ALKER CONF. ALKERM	ALKERMES	Confectico Alkermes cum M[***}	Confection of Kermes with M[***}	it was ranked among the best tonics for the heart, and was frequently used for the palpitation of the heart, or syncope, sometimes for smallpox or measles, a general restorative and a cure for 'wounded nerves'.	An 8th-century potion, a tonic composed of raw silk, apple juice, ground pearls, musk, ambergris, gold leaf, rose water, cinnamon, sugar and honey. The 'M[***]' mentioned in the drug name could refer to 'Musk'. A version is available today if you wish to try it - follow the link to www.heirloomliqueurs.com.
Anchusa officinalis Anchusa tinctoria Alkanna tinctoria Bugloss	CONF. D. RADD BUGLOS	BUGLOSS	Confectio di radiche Bugloss	Confection of ox-tongue	Used to treat abscesses and inflammations	Bugloss is derived from the Greek word 'Bou' and the Latin word 'Glosso', which together mean 'Ox Tongue', a reference to the shape of the leaves. There are several species of Bugloss, but the one referred to here is probably Alkanna tinctoria, the dyer's alkanet, on account of the fact that it appears that it is the root (radiche) which is the main ingredient, the source of a red dye. Traditionally used in Indian food under the name ratan jot (or ratan jog). The dye is soluable in oil, but not water.
Teucrium scordium Water Germander	CONF. FRAC.	FRASCATORIO	Confectio Frascatorio	Frascatorius' Confection	Used for diarrhoea and fevers	Contains Scordium (water germander) and opium. Girolamo Fracastoro (Hieronymus Fracastorius in Latin, born 1476/8 died 6 August 1553) was an Italian physician. His studies of the mode of syphilis transmission are an early example of epidemiology.
Various	CONF. HAMEC.	HAMECH AMECH	Confectio Hamech	Confection of Hamech	Used as a purgative and laxative.	Named after an Arab physician, The recipe for this medication originates from medieval times. The drug exhibited a laxative effect and was recommended for melancholy and skin diseases, for example the treatment of scabies and leprosy.
Ruta graveolens Rue	CONS. ROSAR. RUTAE	RUTAE	Conserva (foliorum) Rutae	Conserve of Rue (leaves)	Expels all manner of poison. Helps the biting of mad dogs, stinging of serpents, and other venomous beasts.
Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort	A. D. ARTEMISIA	ARTEMISIA	Aqua de artemisia	Water of Mugwort	Promotes menstruation, deliver, cleanses womb.
Opopanax chironium	DE. OPOPANACE.	OPOPANEX			Purges thick phlegm, helps coughs and asthma.	Opopanax means the gum resin of all-heal (panaces). This is not the opopanex used in perfumery, which is a different plant.
Raphanus sativus Radish	DI DUE RADICHE	RADICHE		Two Root	Diuretic	Radishes do have diuretic properties, although it is not clear here whether or not you need a radish with two roots, or whether there is another root vegetable involved.
Cuminum cyminum Cumin	DIA. CIMIMN° DE M	CIMIMN	Cyminum		Astringent - 'a great strengthener of the stomach and the bowels'.	Perhaps cumin, this is a guess.
Prunes Plums Prunus domestica	DIA. PRVNIS SE. DIA. PRVNIS SMP	PRVNIS	Prunus	Prunes Plums	Mild laxative	Made from plums or prunes. The SE or SMP may be short for 'simple'.
Prunes Plums Prunus domestica	DIAPRVN: SOL	DIAPRVN	Prunus	Prunes Plums	Stronger laxative
Various	E. CARIOCOS. E. CARYOCOSH E. CARYOCOST	CARYOCOSTINUM	Electuarium Caryocostinum	Clove and Costus Electuary	For gout, pains of the joints, scurvy, jaundice, used in enemas.	Attributed to Galen. According to Culpeper: "Take of Cloves, Costus, or Zedoary, Ginger, Cummin of each two drachms, Hermo∣dactils, Diacridium, of each half an ounce, with their double waight of Honey clarified in white Wine, make them into an Electuary according to art." Saussurea costus is a type of thistle native to India. Zedory is Curcuma zedoaria, also know as white turmeric.
Rose Rosa sp.	E. DE. SVG° DE. ROS	ROSE	Elettuario de suygo de ros	Electuary of Rose Sap	Purges phlegm, gout.	Suygo is possibly from the Italian Zucchero meaning sugar.
Laurus nobilis	E. DE: BAC. LAVR E. BACCIS. LAVR E: BAC. LAVRI E: E: BACC LAVR E: D: BAC. LAV EMPL. DE. BACCISLAVR	BACCIS LAURI	Emplastrum e baccis lauri Elect. de Baccis Lauri	Plaster of bay berries	Healing of wounds.	Baccis or Bacca is derived from the french word Baie meaning berry (R. E. A. Drey).
Carthamus tinctorius Safflower	E. DIACARTHAM	DIACARTHAMUS	Electuarium Diacarthamum	Electuary of Safflower	Purges phlegm and wind, prepared as lozenges and used to kill worms in children.	Dia is a Latin term for compound, hence compound of Carthamus. Safflower has been cultivated in the Middle East since 2500BCE.
Various	E. DIACATHOLIC	DIACATHOLIC	Electuarium Diacatholicum	Allsorts' Electuary	Purgative.	Compound made from senna leaves, tamarind pulp, cassia pulp, polypody rhizome, cucumber and fennel seeds, rhubarb, liquorice, and a few other ingredients.
Dates Phoenix dactylifera	E. DIAPHENICON	DIAPHENICON	Electuarium Diaphoenicon	Phoenician Electuary Confection of Dates	Purgative.	Compound made from dates.
Prunus domestica Prune	E. DIAPRUN: SOL:	DIAPRUNORUM	Electuarium Diaprunorum Solitivum	Aperient Electuary of Prunes	For gout, rheumatism and French pox.
Rose Rosa sp.	E. E: SVCC. ROSAR	SUCCO ROSARUM	Electuarium e Succo Rosarum	Electurary of the Juice of Roses	Purges phlegm, gout.
Various	E. LENITIVUM: ELECT; LENI EL: LENITIV. E: LENETIUV E. LENITIVVM E. LINITIV	LENITIVUM	Electuarium Lenitivum	Lenitive (laxative) electuary	Laxative.	A mixture of stoned raisins, oak bark, mercury, violet leaves, cleansed barley, prunes, tamarinds, senna leaves, coriander and sugar.
Various	E. METHRID. E. MITHRID: E. MITHRIDAT	METHRID MITHRID MITHRIDAT	Mithridatium Mithridate Confectio Damocritis		Cure and preservative of the plague and all infections. Universal cure. Cures bites and stings.	Named for Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus in Northern Turkey. This is a duplicate entry.
Various	E. PECTORAL	PECTORAL	Electuarium Pectorale	Pectoral Electuary	Used to soften, cool and heal the lungs. A cure for a tickling cough.	Prepared from white Troches (a type of lozenge), clarified honey, conserve of red roses, unsalted butter, oil of nutmeg, and made up with Syrup of Injubes (citation needed).
Convolvulus scammonia Scammony	E.SCAMMON.	SCAMMONY	Electarium e Scammonio	Electuary of Scammony	Juice of the scammony root used for 'purging the passages and glands' of many things, including worms.	Scammony is a powerful purgative and was used as an anthelmintic to treat roundworm and tapeworm.
Teucrium scordium Water Germander	E. SCORD: E: SCORD	SCORD SCORDIUM	Electarium e Scordio	Electurary of Scordium	For fevers - 'helps both to raise the spirits' and promote sweat'.	Duplicate entry, see CONF. FRAC.
Various	E. THER. VEN E. THER: AND E. THE: AND E. THER: ANDR. E. THERACA. ANDROM E. THERIAC. AND THER. VENET: THER: UENET:	THERIAC THERIACA	Theriaca Venetii	Venice Treacle	A universal cure	This 'Treacle' would have originally been imported from Venice, hence the name. Our word 'Treacle' is derived from the Greek word 'Theriac' meaning 'wild (or venemous) beast'. The connection here is that venemous beasts would have been incorporated into the recipe (as in 'Flesh of Vipers'). The idea being that the 'beasts' being imune to their own venom would transfer this immunity to those who took the remedy. There are overtones of Homeopathy here. Andromachus was a Roman physician (1st century A.D.) who extended the list of ingredients comprising Theriac from the original Greek recipe. In the Middle Ages, when sugar was still an exotic Eastern commodity, the English recommended the sugar-based ‘treacle’ as an antidote against poison. Later, the word treacle could be applied to any healing property. There is a ‘treacle well’ in the churchyard at Binsey near Oxford. There are also ‘treacle mines’ in the village of Chalvey, near Slough in Berkshire, possibly a folk memory of the springs in the area that provided healing waters for Queen Anne and afterwards Queen Charlotte at the nearby Windsor Castle, where the water was considered ‘beneficial to the eyes’
Tormentil Potentilla erecta	E. TORMENT:	TORMENT TORMENTIL	Electurium tormentillae	Electruary of Tormentill	Root used to treat malignant cases of the bowels or womb, also used for the treatment of 'looseness in the measles, smallpox or fevers'.	Common throughout Europe, and in other places as an introduced species. The plant is used in herbal medicine as an astringent because of its tannin content.
Laurus nobilis Bay laurel	EL. BACIS LAURI	BACCIS LAURI	Electuarium baccis lauri	Electuary of Bay-laurel Berries	Used as an astringant and carminative.	Duplicate entry. Baccis or Bacca is derived from the french word Baie meaning berry (R. E. A. Drey). In turn, from the Latin.
Saussurea costus Costus Syzygium aromaticum Clove	EL. CARIOCOST	CARIOCOST	Electuarium Caryocostinum	Clove and Costus Electuary	Used in the treatment of gout and bilious attacks.	Duplicate entry. Indian costus, kuth, or putchuk, is a species of thistle in the genus Saussurea native to India.
Various	ELL ELESCOPH	ELESCOPH	Electuarium elescoph	The Bishop's Electuary	Purgative made from scammony, turpeth root, polypody rhizome and various herbs and spices.	Turpeth root (white Turpeth) is a tropical climber also know as Indian Jalep. Latin name Operculina turpethum. Polypody is a type of fern, Polypodium vulgare. The various ingredients were mixed with honey to produce an electuary.
Various	ELO. INDO. MA	INDUM MAJUM	Elettuario indum majum?	Greater Indian Electuary	Purgative made from turpeth root, scammony, cardamom seeds and cinnamon.	See also the Bishop's Electuary.
Cantharides Spanish Fly Lytta vesicatoria	EMP. CANTH	CANTHARIDIS	Emplastrum cantharidis	Emplaster of Cantharides	For blisters; also used as a diuretic.	This emerald green blister beetle is the source of cantharidin, a powerful irritant. The word cantharidin comes from the Greek kantharis, meaning beetle. Emplasters are substances made with a base of olive oil or lard combined with a thickening agent such as beeswax, to produce a sticky paste or salve, usually applied to the skin on a piece of linen or leather
Cinchona sp.	EX. CORT: PERU. M	CORTICIS PERUVIANI	Extractum corticis peruviani	Extract of Cinchona Bark	Quinine for fevers.	Cinchona is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. Quinine comes from the cinchona tree, a native of Peru. The extract was used to treat malaria from as early as the 1600s, when it was referred to as the Jesuits bark. This stems from its use in 1630 by Jesuit missionaries in South America. Quinine is still used to treat malaria today, although it has been superseded by more effective drugs.
Hyoscyamus niger	EXT. DE JUSQUIANE	JUSQUIAME	Extracte de Jusquiame	Extract of Henbane	An opiate and strong poison.	Jusquiame noire is the French for Hyoscyamus niger.
Atropa belladonna	EXT. BELLADON EXT. DE BEL:	BELLADONA	Extractum belladonae	Extract of Deadly Nightshade	Causes sleep, eases headache and helps in fevers.
Crocus sativus	EXT. CROC.	CROCI.	Extractum Croci	Extract of Saffron	Greatest of all vegetable cordial: quickens the senses, resists poison, plague, fevers, prolongs life and health, cures Asthma, eases aches and pains… very costly!
Juniperus communis	EXT. DE. GEN:	GENIEVRE	Extracte de Genievre	Extract of Juniper	Used to dissipate wind and alleviate the effects of gonorrhea: some believed it to be effective against 'malignant and epideical infections'.	Traditionally used to flavour Genever gin.
Lactuca sativa	EXT. DE LAIT:	LAIT		Extract of lettuce	Used as a mild opiate.
Mint Mentha sp.	EXT. DE MEN:	MENTHE	Extracte de menthe	Extract of Mint
Ruta graveolens Rue	EXT. RUTAE EX RUTAE	RUTAE	Extractum (foliorum) Rutae	Extract of Rue (leaves)
Various	FILON ROMANO	FILON ROMANO	Filon Romano	Roman Electurary	Polypharmaceutical preparation made from opium and other ingredients. Used to relieve pain and induce sleep.	Filonio is Spanish for electuary. Also see 'Persion Electuary'.
Fennel Foeniculum vulgare	FRUCT FOENIC CONT	FOENICULI	Fructus foeniculi	Fennel Fruit
Various	Gr D -. GALLINA	GALEN GALENA	Grasso di Galena	Cerate of Galen Galen's cold cream	Used for softening and moisturising the skin.	The invention of this cold cream recipe has been attributed to Galen, a second century Greece physician This was the original cream for moisturising the skin. It is an emulsion, and when applied to the skin, the water component dries, leaving the softening oils behind. It is the evaporation of the water which is responsible for the 'cold' feeling of cold cream. Traditionally, it comprises Olive Oil and Beeswax, which were melted, and then rose water mixed with borax (sodium borate) was beaten in to the oils. The borax acts as the emulsifier, stopping the oil and water separating. Generally, Ceratum or Cerate is a preparation for external use consisting of wax, resin or spermaceti mixed with oil or lard, and medicinal ingredients.
Duck Anas sp.	GRA. D. ANATRA	ANATRA	Grasso de anatra	Duck's fat		More of an ingredient rather than a remedy. Many species of duck can be found in the genus Anas. Anatra is Italian for duck.
Various	HIERE LOGOD IERALOCODION	HIERE LOGOD IERALOCODION	Hiera Logadii	Logadius' Mixture	A purgative electuary and anthelmintic. Also a cure for melancholy.	Allegedly, formulated by Ptolemy in the second century AD, and named after Logadius, a physician at Memphis. Hiera loosely translates as 'Holy Remedy', perhaps in an attempt to imbue the remedy with spiritual powers. These 'Holy Remedies' have been associated with a number of ancient physicians, such as Galen, and in this case, Logadius. Ingredients include: Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis) is a type of squash. It grows as a vine in desert conditions around the Mediterranean and Asia, especially Turkey, and Nubia. Aloes, possibly a tree from Asia (Aquilaria agallocha), which has a fragrant wood that yields a resin used as a perfume. Or it could refer to Aloe Vera. Agaric (Amanita muscaria) is the iconic toadstool. It is poisonous and mildly hallucinogenic (so I've heard). Scammony is a type of bindweed (Convolvulus scammonia) and is native to the Mediterranean and the Middle East. A resin can be extracted from the root, which is used as a purgative. It also kills roundworm and tapeworm. Squill (Drimia maritima) is a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean. All parts of the plant are poisonous, although rendered harmless by drying.
Various Fox Vulpes sp.	LOHO.DE: PVL: VLP	LOHOCH DE PULMONE VULPIS	Lohoch de Polmone vulpis	Lohoch of fox's lungs	Taken for consumption and ulcers of the lung.	Culpeper provides a recipe: Lohoch of Fox lung could be made by beating the lungs into a fine powder with liquorice juice, maidenhair, anise seed, sweet fennel and sugar
Wheat semolina Triticum sativa	MANNA: OPT.	MANNA OPTICAE	Manna Opticae Manna Optima	Manna of Best Quality Manna for the eyes		Not sure what this is. A search turned up a brand name of semolina.
VERDIGRIS Vinegar Honey	MEL. AEGYP.	AEGYPTIACUM	Mel Aegyptiacum	Egyptian Honey	detergent and escharotic	Made from honey, verdigris and vinegar. These are the same ingredients as for Egyptian Ointment.
Honey Mercury	MEL. MERCUR	MURCURIALE	Mel Mercuriale	Honey of Mercury	Used externally for skin problems and internally as a laxative.	Mercury has been used in remedies since the time of the ancient Greeks, and later, the Arabs. Hopefully this was only used topically.
Honey Rosa sp.	MEL. ROS. S MELE. ROSATO SOL	ROSARUM SOLUTIVUS	Mel Rosarum Solutivus	Solutive honey of roses (perhaps)	Cleanses and heals wounds, used in enemas.	See also MEL ROSARUM.
Puppy dog Canis lupus	O. CATELLOR:	CATELLORUM	Oleum Catellorum Oglio di Cagnolini	Oil of puppy dogs	Good against cold diseases of the nerves, sinews and joints: cramps and running gout.	Oglio di Cagnolini is Italian for 'Oil of Puppy Dogs'. A recipe from 1696 recommends boiling two live puppies (less than nine days old) with Oil of Violets until the bones break down before adding 1 lb (0.45 kg ) of earthworms (probably live) and wine. The mixture was boiled and the resulting oil used to soothe aches and pains. They have a jar in the London Science Museum.
Swallows Hirundo rustica	O. HIRUNDIN	HIRUNDINUM	Olem Hirundinum	Oil of swallows	For the relief of aches and bruises.	An early recipe for this remedy may be found in Thomas Dawson's The Good Husvvifes Ievvel [Housewife's Jewel] from 1587, which begins "Take eight Swallowes readie to flie out of the nest, driue away the breeders when you take them out, and let them not touch the earth, stampe them vntill the Fethers can not be perceiued". It also requires the addition of approximately five herbs to be mixed with butter, and it eventually produces an oil that should be externally applied to aches and bruises.
St. John's Wort Hypericum perforatum	O. HYPERIRI	HYPERIRI	Oleum Hyperiri	Oil of St. John's Wort	Traditionaly used to treat nerve disorders.	It was popular in ancient Greece and Rome as a healing remedy for wounds, as well as sores, burns, bruises and nerve pains
Myrica sp. Bay Berry	O. LAURIN.	OLEUM LAURINUM	Oleum Laurinum	Oil of Bay Berries	Cures cold distempers in any part of the body.
Erythronium albidum White Lily	O. LILIORUM	LILIORUM (ALBORUM)	Oleum Liliorum (alborum)	Oil of (white) Lily Flowers	For burns, ulcers, eczema, bruises and rheumatism.	Oleum Liliorum, the lily oil, is an extract of the flowers with olive oil.
Flax Linseed Linum usitatissimum	O. LINI: S: I:	LINI	Oleum Lini	Oil of Flax Linseed Oil	Used internally as a laxative
Lumbricus terrestris Earthworm	O. LUMBRICOR O. LVMBRIC. OLEI LOMBRICOR	LUMBRICORUM	Oleum Lumbricorum	Oil of Earthworms	Cures wounds, particularly of the sinews and ligaments, cures gout and kills worms in children.
Nymphaea alba White water-lily	O. NIMPHAEAE	NYMPHAEAE	Nymphaea alba	Oil of white water-lily.	Helps shrink sinews	It contains the active alkaloids nupharine and nymphaeine, and is a sedative and an aphrodisiac/anaphrodisiac depending on sources.
Olea europaea Olive	O. OLIVAR: COM:	OLIVARIUM	Oleum Olivarium Compositum	Compound olive oil.
Rose Rosa damascena	O. ROSARV OL. ROSAR.	ROSARUM	Oleum rosarum	Oil of Roses	Cordial, used against swooning and fainting fits.	Oil of Rose is the oil distilled from the flowers of Rosa damascena.
Juniperus Sabina Savin	O. SABINAE	SABINAE	Oleum Sabinae	Oil of Savin	Savin was once used in an ointment or dressing for blisters, for syphilitic warts and other skin problems. It is a powerful emmenagogue, and fatal cases of poisoning have resulted when attempted to use as an abortifacient.	Savin Oil is obtained by steam distillation of twigs and leaves of the conifer savin, Juniperus Sabina
Elderflower Sambucus nigra	O. SAMBUCI O. SAMBUC.	SAMBUCINUM	Oleum Sambucinum	Oil of Elder (flowers)	External application for arthritic swellings.
Violet Viola sp.	O. VIOLARUM:	VIOLARUM	Oleum Violarum	Oil of Violets	Reduces the heat of fevers, cures headaches, coughs, pains in the side. (Citation may be required.)
Olea europaea Olive	O. VIRIDE.	OLEUM VIRIDE	Oleum Viride	Green Oil	Bruises and lacerated wounds, gunshot, foul ulcers.	Perhaps green extra virgin olive oil, or maybe oil of Elder leaves.
Anthemis nobilis Common Chamomile	OL. CHAMAEMO.	CHAMAEMELINUM	Oleum Chamaemelinum	Chamamile Oil	Tonic, achic, anodyne and antispasmodic.	The oil is extracted from the flowers by steam distillation.
Cherranthus cheiri Wallflower	OL. CHEIRINUM OLL. CHEIRINUM	CHEIRINUM	Oleum Cheirinum	Oil of Wallflowers	The oil is useful acting on nerve centres and on the muscles.
Cocos nucifera Coconut	OL. COCOIS. OL. NUC. COC.	COCOIS	Oleum Cocois. Oleum Nucis Cocois.	Cocoanut oil	A treatment for dry skin. An important ingredient of many toiletries including soap.	Coconut milk is obtained by pressing the grated coconut flesh, usually with hot water added which extracts the coconut oil.
Laurus nobilis	OL. LAURINI.	LAURINI	Oleum laurini	Oil of laurel
Olea europaea Olive	OL. OLIVAR. OPT	OLIVAR	Oleum olivarium optimum	Best quality olive oil	Taken to relief constipation. Also widely used in the production of toiletries and soap.
Spike lavender Lavandula latifolia	OL. SPICAE	SPICAE	Oleum spicae	Oil of Spike Lavender	Usually mixed with other medicines good against cholic.
Artemisia absinthium Wormwood	OLL D'ASENTIO	ASENTIO ASSENTIO ASSENZIO	Oleum d'asentio	Oil of wormwood	Mix with other medicine, strengthener of the stomach and liver, stops vomiting, aids digestion.	Wormwood can be used to make a strong alcholic drink called Absinthe, or Assentio or Assenzio in Italian.
Various	ONG. EGYPT:f	EGYPT		Possibly Egyptian Ointment		See the entry for V. AEGPIPTIC. ONG is short for onguent, the French word for ointment.
Honey Vinegar	OSSIMELLE SEM OX. SIMP. OXIM: SIMP OxI MELLIS SIM	OXYMEL	Oxymel Simplex	Simple Oxymel	Used to remove ulcers of the lungs.	A simple syrup of honey and vinegar. See also Oxymel of Squills.
Mercury Sulfur	P. AETHIOP.	AETHIOPICAE	Pilulae Aethiopicae	Ethiopic Pills	Used for dropsys, venereal diseases and all cutaneous distempers, infallible against the weevil.	See also AETHIOPS MINERALIS.
Aloe vera	P. ALEOPHAN	ALOEPHANGINAE	Pilulae Aloephanginae	(compound) Aloe Pills	Strengthen the memory and quicken the senses.
Citrullus colocynthis Colocynth	P. COCH MINORIS	COCHIAE	Pilulae Cochiae Minoris	Pills [called] Cochiae (of Galen)	Used to clear the eyesight	Cochia is from a term meaning to 'make round'. There were two compositions bearing this name; the pil. cochiae majores from Rhases, and the pil. cochiae minores from Galen: The second is called pil. colocynth. cum aloe,or extractum colocynthi-dis compositum. So the pill may contain Citrullus colocynthis, with many common names including colocynth, bitter apple, bitter cucumber, desert gourd, egusi, vine of Sodom, or wild gourd, is a desert viny plant native to the Mediterranean Basin and Asia, especially Turkey, and Nubia.
Cynoglossum officinale Houndstongue	P. DE. CINOGLOSSA	CINOGLOSSA	Pilulae de Cynoglossa	Pills of Houndstongue	Stops catarrahs, coughs
Styrax tonkinensis Liquidambar styraciflua	P. E. STYRAC P. ESTYRAC	STYRAC ESTYRAC	Pilulae e Styrace	Storax Pills	Stops catarrahs, coughs	This is made from the resin of a tree, but it could be either Styrax (as in Styrax tonkinensis) or Liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua). Both are know as storax.
Colocynth Aloes	P. EX: COLO. C. AL.	COLOCYNTH ALOE	Pilulae ex Colocynthide cum Aloe	Colocynth Pills with Aloes	Probably a purgative.	Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis) is a type of squash. It grows as a vine in desert conditions around the Mediterranean and Asia, especially Turkey, and Nubia. Aloes, possibly a tree from Asia (Aquilaria agallocha), which has a fragrant wood that yields a resin used as a perfume. Or it could refer to Aloe Vera. Also see Logadius' Mixture, as Colocynth and Aloes are key ingredients.
Colocynth Citrullus colocynthis Scammony	P. EX: DVOBV P. EX: DUOBUS	DUOBUS	Pilulae ex Duobus	Pills of two ingredients (colocynth and scammony)	Scurvy, gout dropsy.	Scammony is a powerful purgative and was used as an anthelmintic to treat roundworm and tapeworm.
Asafoetida Ferula sp.	P. FAETIDAE	FOETIDAE	Pilulae Foetidae	Fetid Pills	Pain of back, stomach, head joints and against ringworm.	Asafoetida is the dried latex exuded from the tap root of several species of Ferula (a fennel like plant from the Mediterranean). Used as a condiment to aid digestion. Common in Indian cookery.
Various	P. HYSTERIC	HYSTERIC	Pilulae Hystericae	Hysteric Pills Pills for the Womb	Cleanses the womb, good against fits of the mother.	Ingredients (amongst other things): Faecula of Bryony (the dried juice of the root), Myrrh, Vitriol of Mars (Iron[III] Sulphate), Salt of Mugwort
Various	P. MASTICHINAE	MASTICHINAE	Pilulae Mastichinae	Mastic Pills	Gentle purge.	According to Nicholas Culpeper, ingredients include: Mastich (Mastic), Aloes, Agrick(?), Species Hiera simple, and Syrup of Wormwood
Various	P. MATHAEI	MATHAEI	Pilulae [Pacificae, vulgo] Mathaei	[Pacific, commonly called] Mathew's Pills	Reputed to be an antidote to various poisons.	From Richard Mathew (died 1661), English medical practitioner, who manufactured and sold the pill.
Mercury	P. MERCURIAL	MERCURIAL	Pilulae MercurialS.	Mercurial Pills	Against Syphilis.
Various	P. RVDII P. RUDII	RVDII RUDII	Pilulae Rudii	Rudius' Pills	Against Syphilis.	According to Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts, Rudius' Pills were "one of the most safe and certain cathartics in troublesome constipation". Ingredients included: Colocynth, Agaric, Black Helebore, Turpethum root (Operculina turpethum), Cinnamon, Mace and Cloves.
Various	P. STOM: CV. GV P STOM: C. G. P. STOM. CV GVM P. STOM: CUM: GUM	STOM STOMACHICAE	Pilulae Stomachicae cum Gum	Stomachic pills with gum	Opens obstructions of the spleen.	According to the Pharmacopœia Londinensis: or, the New London Dispensatory, this drug consisted of Aloes, 'Sena', 'Ammoniacum dissolved in Elder Vinegar', 'Mastich (gum mastic)', Myrrh, Saffron, 'Salt of Wormwood', and 'Syrup of Buckthorn'. It was used to 'purge melancholy, open opstructions of the spleen, and are good against surfeits. They strengthen the head and stomach, and disburden the lungs.'
Mercury Various	PIL. HYGRARG:	HIDRARGYRI	Pilulae Hydrargyri	Mercury pills	For sypnilis and skin compaints.	Was regarded as a cure-all during the 19th century. The pills consisted of about 30 per cent mercury, as well as liquorice, marshmallow and glycerin. Reputed to have been taken by Abraham Lincoln, who at one time showed symtoms of mercury poisoning.
Anacyclus Pyrethrum Pyrethrum Spanish Pellitory	RAD. PYRETHRI	PYRETHRE PYRETHRUM	Radix pyrethri	Root of Spanish Pellitory Pyrethrum root	Used as a masticatory, and as a tincture for the relief of toothache.	Obtained from the root of Anacyclus Pyrethrum. It contains an alkaloid, pyrethrine.
Various	RES. DRACON	DRACON DRAGON	Resina draconis	Dragon's Resin	For fluxes and haemorrhages.	Dragon's blood is a bright red resin which is obtained from different species of a number of distinct plant genera: Croton, Dracaena, Daemonorops, Calamus rotang and Pterocarpus. The red resin has been in continuous use since ancient times as varnish, medicine, incense, and dye. It is an ingredient in Lucatellus's Balsam, see seperate entry in this list.
Grape Vitis sp.	S. AGRESTAE	AGRESTAE	Syrupus agrestae	Syrup of unripe grape	Comfort the stomach, reduce the heat of burning fevers.
Soap	S. ALB;	SAPO ALBUS	Sapo albus	White soap	An ingredient in pills.
Elderflower Sambucus nigra	S. BAC. SAMB	SAMBUCAE SAMBUCUS	Syrupus baccae sambucae	Syrup of Elderberry
Glauber's salt Sodium sulfate	S. CATH: AMAR SAL. GLAUB:	AMARUS CATHARTICUS GLAUBERI	Sal catharticus amarus Sal catharticus Glauberi	Bitter purging salt Glauber's salt	A mild laxative	Amarus is from the Latin meaning 'bitter'. The German chemist, Johann Glauber (1604 - 1668) was the first to produce this salt from Hungarian spring waters.
Chicory Cichorium intybus	S. CICORA COMP.	CICORIA CICORA		Compoun Syrup of Chicory	Mild cathartic (purgative).
Coral weed Corallina officinalis	S. CORRAL: SIMP.	CORALLINA		Simple Syrup of Corallina	For intestinal worms.	Used in some skin care preparations.
Liquorice Glycyrrhiza glabra	S. D. LIQIRIT: S. GLYCIRRHIZE	LIQIRIT LIQUIRITIAE GLYCIRRHIZE	Syrupus de liquiritiae Syrupus Glycirhizae	Syrup of Liquorice	Helps coughs, ulcers and obstructions of the lungs.
Mouse-ear Hawkweed Pilosella officinarum	S. D. PILOSELLA S. D. PILOSELL:	PILOSELLA PILOSELL	Syrupus de pilosellae	Syrup of Mouse Ear Hawkweed	Dries out ulcers and cures wounds.
Artemisia absinthium Wormwood	S. D. ABSINTH	ABSINTH	Syrupus de Absinthio	Syrup of Wormwood	Opens obstructions of the liver and spleen, used against jaundice and dropsy.
Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris Artemisia officinalis	S. D. ARTEMIS S. D. ARTEMISS	ARTEMIS ARTEMISS	Syrupus de Artemisiae	Syrup of Mugwort	Invented for 'womens diseases' promotes delivery, cleanses womb.
Hedge Mustard Sisymbrium officinale Erysimum officinale	S. DE ERYSI S. DE ERYSMO	ERYSI ERYSMO	Syrupus de erysimo	Syrup of Hedge Mustard	Pectoral, diseases of the lungs like asthma, hoarseness, ulcers of the lungs.
Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis	S. D. HYSOPO	HYSOPO	Syrupus de hyssopo	Syrup of Hyssop	Chest complaints.
Papaver somniferum	S. D. MECON S. E. MECON	MECON	Syrupus de Meconio	Syrup of Poppy	Opiate, pain reliever.	"The Syrupus Meconio or Diacodium is made of the poppy heads dryed, infused & boiled in water." The word 'meconium' is derived from the Greek for 'opium-like'.
Rose Rosa sp.	S. DE ROS. SICC S. DE ROSIS SICC	ROSIS	Syrupus de rosis siccis	Syrup of dry rosses.		Siccus' is Latin for 'dry'.
Purging Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica	S. DE SPIN CERVI S. S. DE SPINA C S. DE SPINAE CERVI S. DE: SPIN: CER S. E. SPIN: CER S. E. SPIN: CERV	SPINA CERVINA	Syrupus de Spina Cervina	Syrup of Buckthorn	Purgative.	In 17th-century England this was the only native purgative. This plant was formerly known as Spina Cervina, literaly 'thorn' + 'buck' (as in deer).
Betonica officinalis Wood Betony	S. DE: BETONICA	BETONICA	Syrupus de Betonica	Syrup of Wood Betony	Remedy for arthritis and gout, also claimed to be effective against snake and dog bites.
Common Ground Ivy Glechoma hederacea	S. DI HEDERATERE S. HAEDERAE IERR	HEDERATERE HAEDERAE	Syrupo di Hederatere	Syrup of Ground Ivy	Tuberculosis and other chest complaints.
Henbane Hyoscyamus niger	S. Di. IVSQIAMO	IVSQIAMO	Syrupo di Jusquimo	Syrup of Henbane
Succory Common Chicory Cichorium intybus Various	S. E. CICH. CV. RH	CICHOREI	Syrupus e Cichorei cum Rhabarbaro	Syrup of Succory with Rhubarb	According to Nicholas Culpeper, this is a purging syrup.	It cleanses the body of venemous humours, as boils, carbuncles, and the like; it prevails against pestilential fevers, it strengthens the heart and nutritive virtue, purges by stool and urine, it makes a man have a good stomach to his meat, and provokes sleep.
Morus nigra Black Mulberry	S. E. MORIS S. MOROR	MORIS MOROR	Syrupus [e Succo] Mororum	Syrup of Mulberries	The black mulberry berries are regarded as being laxative, a tonic for the blood, and anti-inflammatory	The black mulberry tree is originally from Persia, found within the area of modern-day Iran.
Citrus limon Lemon	S. E. SUC. LIM.	LIMON LIMONOM	Syrupus e Succo Limonum	Syrup of Lemon Juice	"cheereth up the heavie heart, and dispelleth sorrow there from, and against all obstructions of the spleene is a good helpe, and also well approoved good in the cure of the Scurvy."
Borago officinalis Borage	S. E. SVC. BORAG S. E. SUC. BORAG	BORAGINE BORAG BORAGE	Syrupus e Succo Boragine	Syrup of Borage Juice	Comforts and revives the spirity, help epilepsy.
Fumitory Fumaris officinalis	S. E. SVCC. FVMARLAE S. E. SUCC. FUMARLAE	FUMARIAE FVMARIAE	Syrupus e Succus Fumariae	Syrup of Fumitory juice
Wood Sorrel folia lujulae Oxalis sp.	S. LVIVLA:	LVIVLA LUIULAE LUJULAE	Syrupus Lujulae	Syrup of Wood Sorrel	Used to sweeten juleps and apolems.
Mint Mentha sp.	S. MENTHAE	MENTHAE	Syrupsu Menthae	Syrup of Mint	Stops vomiting and diarrhoea.
Papaver somniferum	S. PAPAU. ALB	PAPAU	Syrupus Papaveris albi	Syrup of white poppies	Opiate, pain reliever.
Common Poppy Papaver rhoeas	S. PAPAV. ER S. PAPAV. ERR S. PAPAVER S. PAPAVER: ER: S. PAPAV. ERRAT S. PAP. ERR.	PAPAVER ER PAPAV ER	Syrupus Papaveris Erratici	Syrup of Wild Poppies	For fevers and as a painkiller.	The common red poppy.
Various	S. PECTOR.	PECTOR	Syrupus Pectoralis	Pectoral syrup		For possilbe uses see Pectoral Ointment
Various	S. QUIN: RAD: SYR. QUInq: RAD: A:	QUIN RAD	Syrupus de Quinque RadicibuS	Syrup fo the five [opening] roots.	Laxative. Reputed to clear the bile. And opstructions of the urine.	The five roots were smallage (celery), asparagus, fennel, parsley and butcher's broom. See references.
Violet Viola sp.	S. VIOLAR S. UIOLAR S. VIOLARU S. VIOLARV	VIOLAR UIOLAR VIOLARU VIOLARV	Syrupus Violarum	Syrup of Violets	Reduces the heat of fevers, cures headaches, coughs, pains in the sides.
Ginger Zingiber officinale	S. ZINGIB SYR. ZINGIB	ZINGIB	Syrupus Zingiber	Syrup of Ginger	Used agains ulcers.
Various	SY BISANTINI	BISANTINI	Syrupus byzantiis	Byzantium Syrup	Used in treatment of liver disorders.	Made from bugloss smallage (celery), hops and sugar.
Clay	T. DE: TERRA: L	TERRA LEMNIA	Trochisci de Terra Lemnia	Troches (tablets) of Lemnian earth	Used agains gonorrhoea, kills worms, good against malign and pestilential disease. It was considered an effective antidote to poisons, snakes bites and useful in treating fevers and the plague.	A Particular clay from the Aegean island of Lemnos has been valued since antiquity for its medicinal qualities. Pliny regarded it highly.
Various	THER. LONDINEN THER: LOND. THER: LONDIN	THERIAC	Theriaca londiniense	London Theriac	A universal cure	Duplicate entry, see Venice Treacle. This would be a London version of theriac.
Mercury Nitrate	U. CITRIN.	CITRIN CITRINUM	Unguentum Citrinum	Ointment of Meruric Nitrate	Used as an escharotic agent.	Named for its lemon yellow colour, as in citron. The ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians used mercury (in the form of mercuric sulfide) for cosmetic and decorative purposes, and in ointments. In the Middle Ages, mercuric salts were used in the treatment of vermin, lice, and most notably syphilis, when Paracelsus noted that a little might be useful but too much could be fatal, leading to his immortal dictum "the dose makes the poison". In the 18th century, the extensive use of mercuric nitrate in the hat-making industry led to the 'mad as a hatter syndrome'.
Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum	U. E. NECOTIAN U. NICOTI.	NECOTIAN	Unguentum e Nicotiana	Ointment of Tobacco	Cures bruises and wounds from poisoned weapons and skin diseases.
Mercury	U. NEAPOLIT.	NEAPOLIT NEAPOLITANUM	Unguentum Neapolitanum	Naples ointment	A cure for syphalis	The first case of syphils was recorded in fifteenth centuary Rome. The Romans blamed the disease on the French, who in turn blamed it on the Neapolitans of Naples. Syphilis was treated using mercury on the basis that mercury is slightly more toxic to syphils than it is to humans.
Populus sp. Various	U. POPULEUM	POPULEUM	Unguentum populeum	Poplar Ointment	Used as an emollient to treat burns.	Made from poplar buds, black nightshade, henbane leaves amongst others.
Rosa sp.	V. POMATVM	POMATUM POMATVM	Uguentum Pomatum	Pomatum Ointment		Yet another rose based drug. Usually associated with hair products, early recipes probably did contain apples and used rose as a scent.
Lead	VNG: DI: PLOMBO	PLOMBO	Unguento di Plombo	Lead Ointment		See CER: PLUMB:f
VNG: TO D'AGRIPPA	VNG: TO D'AGRIPPA	AGRIPPA		Agrippa's Ointment	For tumors and dropsy	Named after Heron Agrippa, the last Jewish king of Judea. He was born in 11BC.

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THERIAC

THERIAC of ANDROMACHUS

ELECTUARY MITHRIDATIUM

ELECTUARY DIASATYRION

ELECTUARY DIASCORDIUM

SYRUPUS ex ALLIO

MEL

CONFECTION of ABSINTH

UNGUENTUM CITRINUM

EXTRACTUM CORTICIS PERUVIANI

Common abbreviations found in drug jar names

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